A1: Write-up an Experiment with Beta Fish that would demonstrate natural selection (a bonus section: drug experimental design)

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Designing Experiments
Handout
PreLab

Note: This handout only lists the questions in "Designing Your Own Lab Experiments." For examples and to access associated links, you will have to view the on-line version of this document.
Where do scientific experiments come from?

In some labs, you will be given a scientific problem to solve by designing your own experiment. If that is the case, go on to PreLab Question #1 (below). But if you have been asked to come up with your own scientific problem, you need to do some thinking before beginning to answer the PreLab questions:
A scientific problem is something you don’t understand but you can do an experiment to help you understand. Scientific problems are usually based on observation of scientific phenomena. Here is some advice to help you identify a scientific problem you can address by designing your own experiment.

1) Find a topic:
A topic is a relatively specific area of knowledge, or subject, you will be working in, such as smoking and lung cancer, sexual selection in birds, gravity, Newton's Laws of Motion, properties of water, etc... If you have been given a topic, you may need to narrow it, to identify a more specific topic within the broader one. This can make it easier to work with. If you are supposed to choose your own topic, do some brainstorming about things you have learned about in your science course that was particularly interesting for you, something you’d like to know more about. Write down some possible topics and choose the one that seems most interesting to you.

2) Identify a problem within the topic:
The problem is something you’d like to know more about, a question you’d like to answer. Questions can come from many different sources: from lectures or textbooks, from an experiment you have done that raised other questions, from articles you’ve read in scientific journals or even newspapers and magazines. To identify a scientific problem, then, you can find sources that relate to your topic and look to see what problems are raised in your search. Write down the problems that you find. Choose one that would be interesting to solve and that is feasible for you to solve. Now you are ready to answer the following PreLab questions:
Questions to answer before doing the lab:
1. What is the problem? Describe the problem in your own words. Be sure that your description includes known factors (information about the problem given to you in the lab in a problem statement, for example) and unknowns (what you need to find out in order to solve the problem). Then restate the problem in the form of a question or questions that will guide your research.







2. What do you know about the science of the problem that could help you answer your research question? State the scientific concept that the lab is about (something like the quantization of energy, photosynthesis, or momentum conservation). Write down information you can find about the concept that might be useful in answering your research question (check lab manual, textbook, class notes, handouts, etc.). Note any citations of sources you use. Go to Citations and References for more help.







3. What is your hypothesis for the answer to your research question? Using what you know about the problem and the scientific concept of the lab, state a hypothesis, your best estimation of the answer to your research question. Then describe the reasoning that led you to your hypothesis, using what you know about the scientific concept as a basis for your reasoning.





4. What variables can you use to test your hypothesis? A well-designed experiment needs to have variables. Look over your hypothesis, and identify the variables that you will be testing during your experiment: what you can measure or observe (dependent variables) and what you can manipulate in an experiment for the measurements or observations (independent variables). List your variables. Then describe, in words or in a sketch, the relationship among the variables as predicted by the hypothesis.






5. What experiment(s) could you use to test your hypothesis? Referring to the list of variables, brainstorm some experiments you could do that would allow you to manipulate variables so that you can make the measurements or observations necessary for testing the hypothesis.Your experiment may require control and treatment groups Choose the experiment most likely to yield the results you need to test your hypothesis. List the materials and outline the methods you will use for your experiment. (Remember that you have to work with the materials and lab instruments available to you.)

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IF YOU MISSED CLASS ON 10/14

IF YOU MISSED CLASS ON 10/14
October 14, 2009
Mr. Ong’s B2-B4. Please me nice to Ms. Freeman. Watch the video and answer the following questions. Please stay on task because this assignment is worth 50 points. It is due the next time we meet (so please finish it up as homework if necessary). For Zoology: Work on your stem cell paper over the break! If you don’t know about the stem cell paper, you can find a blue paper at the front or go to my blog. For Biology: For homework, define: symbiosis, mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism (use our online book or the Internet). Find 3 examples of each (so there will be a total of 12 examples). Remember spelling and grammar is important! Use complete sentences. It is due the next time we meet. This assignment is worth 60 points.

IF ABSENT SPEND 1 HOUR AT http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/episodes/origins.html AND ITS ASSOCIATED LINKS TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS OR SPEND ONE HOUR DESIGNING AN EXPERIMENT FOR THE UPCOMING DISTRICT SCIENCE FAIR.
Mr. Ong
Episode 1:“Origins”(Sponges)
1) What was the first animal group?
What is the evidence for this
c o n c l u s i o n ?








2) How long ago did the first animal
appear on Earth?



3) How are scientists currently defining
the group called “animal”?




4) Should protozoans be considered
animals? Why or why not?








5) What does “multicellular” mean?
What is meant by “specialized” cells?









6) What do sponges eat?






1) What do you think the first animal
looked like?






2) How do you think that first animal
differed from today’s representatives?








3) Why do you think there would even
have been a first animal?








4) What do you think “evolution”
means?








5) What were the little organisms
that were flying along the sponge
tunnels? Learn more about
them by first exploring what
“plankton” means.








5.5) Please be skeptical and question at least two of the conclusions or inferences that were made in this video. How would you debate with the scientists or the videomakers? Write at least 8 good sentences.











6) How have relationships between
animal groups been determined
in the past? How is molecular
and genetic research influencing
our classification of animals into
related groups?

Stem Cell Opinion Research Paper

The Stem Cell Opinion Research Paper is due in 3 weeks. Go to http://sites.google.com/site/ongzoology/assignments for instructions on how to write the paper.

Evolution Game

If you missed today's class, do this interactive and you should know all you need to know.
http://science.discovery.com/interactives/literacy/darwin/darwin.html

Biology Book Password (will help with your evolution packet)

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